Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth Essay Example for Free

Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth EssayAn ambitious ascent from a poor Illinois farm boy to occupying the highest political spatial relation during one of Americas most turbulent times makes for the literature of hero worship. In the essay entitled Abraham Lincoln the self-made myth Rich Hofstadter challenges the reader to get through beneath the surface of the American political tradions and investigate the event and actions that contributed to the Lincoln Myth. To begin with Hofstadter states that one of Lincolns most endearing qualisties to Americans was his humble origins and the circumstance that, Lincoln was a preeminent example of that self-help which Americans have always so admired, (121). But he further goes on to state that Lincoln used this to his advantage. first of all in his campaign speeches always eluding to himself as humble Abraham Lincoln and in the way he addressed his own wife in open as mother (122).See more Foot Binding In China essayHe received distinguished guests in shirtsleeves, and once during his presidentship hailed a soldier out of the ranks with the cry, Bub Bub The concept of the self-made, simple man played well with the American public thus became fully absorbed into his political being, (124). historical novels and fictionalized biographies about Lincoln would be amiss of the greater portion of its contents were not dedicated to the slavery issue. Many only give, a tiresome solemnisation of the America past with a progressive interpretation of American history of her-worship and national self-congratulation, (Forward 2). In Hostadters essay he discusses the slavery issue not with a sentimental approach but with critical analysis. Lincoln was a Southerner by birth. He grew up in communities in Illinois where slavery was rare. Laws against runaway slaves were in force when Lincoln served in the state legislature. It was here that Lincoln made his first public statement on slavery by voting against a proslavery resolution.

Review of Bill by Vern Myers Essay Example for Free

Review of history by Vern Myers EssayTo start, I would like you to receipt that I am writing this moderate review on an old fashioned manual type economizer, an Olympia Model 9 in fact, that I purchased at a consignment antique store. I think this machine dates back to the early 1970s. It makes a nostalgic clack-clack-clack sound.1 I am not writing this hold up review in solidarity with author Vern Myers (who ref habits to use a computer and composes his work on a 1968 Underwood-Miller, and before that a 1909 Corona 3, the same Ernest Heming expressive style employed for his early works2), no I am acrophobic my reason is pedestrian in nature my girlfriend, Michele, deep-sixed my Sony Vaio laptop into the back end of the toilet, where the water rises after you flush, after what one would c totally a heated argument. She locked herself in the shitter3 (which she hates me to call the commode), after having grabbed my laptop, stating that I loved my machine more than her that s he was jealous of the attention I gave to my new-in-progress. Needless to say, my laptop forget not start up. A friend told me to let it dry out. I will probably throw to take it to a shop and pray that they thunder mug recover my data close importantly my unfinished novel, which I have been laboring at for three long time now. Its an opus, this novel of mine, 850 pages and three-fourths done, so I would say it will be 1,000 manuscript pages when finished, or around 250,000 words.It began as a short tosh, and then I thought it would be a novella, 80 pages at best, simply the thing took on a biography of its own. I hear that is what happened to Vern Myers 23,000-word masterpiece, Bill. Talking grapes around the New York literati have it that Myers worked on the project for nearly five years and had 600 pages of rambling text, some typewritten, some hand-written, and his editor, Stanley Flint, pulled a Max Perkins (to Myers Thomas Wolfe) or Gordon Lish (Raymond Carver) and hack ed away, jumbled and tossed like the proverbial salad of sentences, and came up with this current 102 page book.I read Bill in one sitting, or a single bath soak, an hour and a halfs worth of water after Michele finished my computer and possibly my novel (which, by the way, is titled Lunch on the Grass), I drew a hot bath (I own a small fry foot tub, talk about(predicate) antediluvian delights ) to calm my nerves, opened a bottle of cognac, and slipped into the water with the ARC of Bill that I had received in the commit from the book editor of the newspaper you are reading this review in. For Vern Myers, 102 pages (23,000 words, the margins generous) is War and Peace. Myers, the past decade, has been known as King of 3,000 Words or Less.Your typical Myers story is 1,500 to 2,000 words, each with the epic impact of a Shakespearian tragedy and the emotional complexities of a Chekovian triptych of 5-act plays. Some say it is his life-long friend and editor, Flint, who has fine-tu ned the 5,000 words of new story Myers sends in to a magnificent 3,000 word slice of American Literature Flint published many of these in Dapper Magazine, a slick where he was fabrication editor for a decade. 4 Critics are certain to debate over this decades after Myers is gone. Myers was often asked, at readings and lectures and interviews (the few he has granted) Are you ever going to write a novel? and his jovial answer was (with a stiff Long Island Iced Tea in hand) Im working on said novel now, something I call Bill A Life, but the real question is Will I ever finish it? The second real question universe Will I ever publish it? (I know this because I attended a reading of his at the UCSD campus four years ago where such QA took place. )I read Bill A Novella (what happened to a life? ) with delight in the clawfoot tub, sipping my cognac, trying to forget what Michele did to my Sony Vaio and my novel-in-progress (which I at a time considered calling zombi Cheerleaders from J upiter Attack), and when I was done, I closed my eyes and considered the life of Bill, quite the epic one, and the moral/social/political/sexual implications of the story and character. I flatten asleep I did not mean to napping is not a criticism of Myers fine novellaI was simply exhausted from the emotional outrage caused by Micheles action, her not only leaving me, saying she neer wanted to intoxicate me again unless I was in a casket at a funeral parlor and even then she would spit on my embalmed body, but destroying my life for my life, the past few years, is contained on the hard drive (350 gigabytes) of that sunk laptop.My magnum opus, my Great American Novel, which I think I will change the title from Lunch on the Grass to Gargantuan. I see I have exceeded the 600 words the book editor asked for. Hopefully there will be room among the ads to fit in this complete text hopefully my words will not be pared to the bone the way some say Stanley Flint has been doing to Vern Mye rs for years. Bill is about a Hollywood doctor named Bill and his adventures with various movie stars, porn starlets, studio moguls and drug dealers.He hops from bed to bed, romance to romance, leaving disaster behind him like the Tasmanian Devil in the Warner Brothers cartoons5, or the Cat in the Hat paying a visit to unsuspecting latchkey children. Over the course of five years, Bill lives large, has experiences most of us cab only fantasize about he crams ten lives into those five years and after each event, becomes wiser and older, yet maintains a youthful hop in his feet, always ready to bed the conterminous pretty lady who crosses his path. Sounds like a soap opera, you say?A scalawag doctor from a trashy romance novel you shriek? but Bill is the literary event of the year and I expect prize Pulitzer, I demand a Book Critics Circle Award, I foresee the boys in the U. K. foregoing the Booker requirements and claiming Vern Myers a loyal subject to the Queens Crown (at heart). There is little doubt that the day will come when Vern Myers receives the Nobel Pri I thought I heard Michele coming in. No, that was the neighbor. The walls are too thin around here and I am sure the neighbors heard us fighting, the accusations Michele made.She thinks I am sleeping with a doctor, in fact, a vet who saved my cat, Poe, three months ago. Guess how it all started? I noticed a tattered replicate of Vern Myers first collection of short stories on her desk, Can You Speak the Hell Up and Pass the Sugar, Please? and commented on it she said she had discovered Myers in college, her roomy was taking his writing class and she happened to read his stuff and became a fan. I told her I too was a writer of fiction and the occasional essay and biography (and dozens of book reviews) and, well, one thing lead to anotherAnd so Michele is right. I have been seeing said doctor and it is serious. I would have at last broken up with Michele, told her the truth, but she beat me to it, and it is always the shits when you are the dumpee, not the dumper. Its an ego thing, a guy thing, and it makes me think of something Bill says in Bill Its better to end a romance first to avoid a pain in the brain. Love em and leave em, Bill, thats the bookonly, I think I will ask the doc to marry me. I am serious here. I have never felt this way about any womanIts five hours later since I wrote the above sentence. I had dinner with the doctor and guess what? She broke up with me, says she is getting back together with her ex-husband. I would be very depressed but my laptop has dried and boots up just fine and now I can get back to my novel. Will it be as fantastic as Vern Myers Bill? I could only hope so, but only Vern Myers can be Vern Myers, there can be no other. Michele has been calling, she wants to come back she says she is sorry and loves me and will never let me go. Ill take her back.Ill get my life back on track and finish this book and maybe I can get the literati at tention that Myers does. I will tell Michele that there was never anything real with the doctor, it was just a passing thing, no need to get into all that pain in the brain stuff. Editors Note A day before going to press with this review, The Village Voice published an interview with a former student, and lover, of Vern Myers, wherein she claims she actually wrote the text for BILL because Myers was too rummy or high to get any writing done.This accusation comes on the heels of BILL garnering a nomination for the Transamerican Book Award (which reviewer Gerald Bass failed to pay heed in his rambling6) should these accusations be truthful, a fruitful literary scandal of the decade is certain to birth, like a dead baby whale oozing from the revolting womb of a beached momma whale on a sandy, bloody cove near the shores of contemporary American letters. How do you like them apples, eh? Viz To wit To arms 7 1 I hear you can get that sound to come out of your laptop keyboard.The virt ual clack-clack-clack, methinks, would be rather annoying and just damn rude. Everything has to be a simulacra these days. 2 Hemingway said of the Corona 3 It is the only psychiatrist I would ever submit to. I once had a t-shirt with that quote on it and a picture of a harried Hemingway. He wrote his second novel, A Farewell to Arms, on the Corona 3. He probably would have done the same with The lie Also Rises but he sent that one out to a typist to create the manuscript sent to F. Scott Fitzgerald editor Max Perkins at Charles Scribners Sons.3 She once said, joking, The loo is the only psychiatrist I would drop all my emotional crap on. 4 Myers first publications were in regional and small literary journals, then go on to The Kenyon Review, Mid-American Review, and The Paris Review. After he graced the pages of Dapper, and after Flint left the magazine because new ownership wanted to cut the fiction section (do people actually sit down and read this stuff? ), Myers started to a ppear in Playboy, Harpers, The New Yorker and Granta, getting top dollar and top recognition. either the places that only sent me form rejection slipsIt is easy to not only admire, but also envy the professional career of Vern Myers. As for his personal life, from what I know of all his disastrous relationships and problems with vodka and LSD, there is no room for desiring that. 5 Have you ever seen some of the antiquarian classic cartoons, uncensored, often used as war propaganda to give between double features at movie theaters in the 1930s and 40s? Bugs Bunny, the transvestite rabbit, foiling bucktooth Japanese soldiers and suicidal Nazis? A prototype of Bugs Bunnysame situations, same voicewas Private Snafu, which you can locate on Youtube for a blast from the past.I always seem to be drawn to cartoons and comic books whenever I have great stress in my life its a way of escaping the hell. Kids do it, adults do it. Some escape into the fantasy of online porn but I tend to switc h on animated superhero TV shows and movies, like Batman and the Justice League, which also happen to be owned by Warner Brothers. In Bill, Bill has a sexual encounter with an actress on the Warner Brothers lot, doing her in the trailer while gong over her lines, and then doing lines of cocaine off her naked ass. I would like to see that animated.I would like to see Micheles psychotic tirade animated, then I could really say that my life is like a cartoon. 6 It was not a failure on my part I just happen to have a long history with the members of this so-called organization and happen to know, FOR A FACT, it is all a ruse, embedded in the beds of supreme nepotism given the quality of the books this award has been handed to in the last five years, the obvious should be, well, obvious. Oh the stories I could relay The lays, the drugs, the mouths to genitals and feet shackled to bedposts and whips applied to tender, eager flesh But thats for another in a different context.

Human Rights Essays Grotesque Violation Sudan

Human Rights Essays Grotesque Violation SudanGrotesque Violation SudanSince earlier 2003, the human race has been witness to the grotesque violation of worldity proper in the Darfur region of Sudan. More than two and a half(prenominal) million civilians waste been distant from their homes and roughly four-hundred thousand have been killed in what has been deemed racial extermination. Despite actions taken by the American and European rangements, wealthy celebrities and kinditarians from all around the globe, the participation in Darfur remains.It is the incorrupt and ethical responsibility of America, Europe and china to give foreign aid to the suffering pot of Darfur and chastise the Sudanese organisation for allowing these crimes to happen. It is also the piles oecumenic right to be cheered from race murder and torture inflicted by the Janjaweed militia and encouraged by the Sudanese regimen.Conflicts in Sudan can be dated back as far as the fourteenth century. The main source of conflict today deals with ideology, ethnicity and competition for resources between the people and the Sudanese government, (Snyder, 2007). Torture, rape and murder has been all also frequent for the civilians in Darfur and contend has been a major part of their history.This is no way how people should be forced to live and how a government should govern its people. The current conflict in this region has been labeled by the United Nations as the worst humanitarian crisis in the world today, (Kim, Torbay, Lawry, 2007, 353). Former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, began an initiative in 2005 to encourage the internationalist familiarity to accept its responsibility for the crisis in Darfur. He said,There can be no excuse, no defense, no justification for the plight of millions of our fellow beings in Africa today.It is obscenity that should haunt our daily thoughts that four million children will die in Africa this class before their fifth birthday.I fear my own conscience on Africa. I fear the judgment of future generations, where history properly calculates the gravity of the suffering, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). hot seat George W. render has also recognized that something needs to be done in Darfur. He said,I promise this to the people of Darfur the United rural areas will not reject our eyes from a crisis that challenges the conscience of the world. For too long the people of Darfur have suffered at the hands of a government that is complicit in the bombing, murder and rape of sincere civilians. My administration has called these actions by their rightful name genocide. The world has a responsibility to put an end to it, (Fox novels, 2007)Increasingly large amounts of Western citizens believe that the violation of human rights in Darfur, at least in part, is their own responsibility. This is seen very frequently on television with promotional commercials that state, Save Darfur Documentaries such(prenominal) as The Devil Came on Horseback and Darfur Now have also helped give awareness to the public about crimes being accuseted in Sudan.The West bears a lot of the universal responsibility to can, promote, and protect human rights. Americans, along with some other powerful countries, have a great sense of pride when it comes to helping others. Western states are together with responsible for much of the current world social and international order, as well as for the political and economical situations of Africa today, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 490). This does not mean that African states and other African actors do not have the same ethical responsibility. numerous African leaders are primarily responsible. It is necessary for key international organizations, such as the United Nations, to sort out spheric ethics and it is necessary to sort out what ethical responsibilities global actors have, (Reeve, 2006, 6). William J. Talbott argued that, an appropriate empathic outside perceiver may be in a b etter position than insiders to lessonly evaluate the practice or social arrangement, (Tablott, 2005, 71). He went on to say,First, reliable righteous observation, especially across cultures, requires empathic understanding. Not all honorable observers have the same degree of empathic understanding. Second, ones interests or desires can affirm biasing factors that lead to self-serving rationalizations of ones moral judgment. Other things being equal, moral observers without such biases are to a greater extent deally to make reliable moral judgments than those with such biases. The problem is exacerbated if the self-serving judgments are socially enforced, (Talbott, 2005, 76).Many individuals involved in the world debate about human rights now accept that to protect against harm and to aid the deprived are strong universal duties, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). On-the-ground and regional research by the International Crisis Group, Human Rights Watch, free pardon International, Re fugee International, and Physicians for Human Rights have been the oculus of important work dating back to the beginning of the conflict, (Reeve, 2006, 5).The conflict in Darfur shows that the intrastate collective action problem has not been properly addressed by a traditional multilateral approach. Instead the crisis in Darfur demonstrates the need for an expanded view of modern international law in the face of intrastate conflict that includes systematic intervention procedures and preventative aid, as well as a comprehensive approach that recognizes and integrates non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organization alliances, (Welling, 2007,149).Many states, organizations, and individuals deny responsibility in Darfur to avoid, prevent, or create harm. Two of these very important states are Russia and China, who have not supported international intervention in Darfur. Russia has blocked votes to take action against the Sudanese because of its arms dealing and Chin a has because of its interest in oil. William J. Talbott reinforced the idea as to why states like Russia and China do not intervene.He stated, Where a cultures practices are supported by socially enforced self-serving justifications, the result will typically be a wide propagate moral blindness, a blindness that is unlikely to be detected by the members of the culture who benefits from the practices and, because of the social enforcement, unlikely to be voiced by those who are single out by the practices, (Talbott, 2005, 73). Chinas need for oil reserves is growing along with the population and the Sudanese are providing oil, (Human Rights Watch, 2003). Oil was the driving force tush Sudans civil war. Oil is driving genocide in Darfur, (Virginia Quarterly, 2007, 2).Thomas Pogge stresses that citizens around the world need to take responsibility to protect severally others human rights, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 488). His idealistic idea rejects the concentric-circle theory of obl igation and communitarian arguments that people have a bigger responsibility to their families, communities, and nation than to strangers with whom they have no, or very tenuous, connections, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 488). al roughly may argue that this idealistic idea goes against human nature, and they may argue in favor of a much realisticistic notion. however, the recognition of individual human rights requires a standpoint from which to criticize not only a cultures external norms, but also its internal norms, (Talbott, 2005, 87). Article 28 of the world-wide Declaration of Human Rights promotes the idea that every state, institution, and individuals have the responsibility to protect everyones human rights. This is a fine example of global ethics.Article 28 states, everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized, (UN, 1948). Common-sense morality helps people to make decisions about their own responsibilities. This a good deal accepts the concentric-circle theory of obligation, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). This also suggests that people have the greatest responsibility to improve those harms these individuals have caused. According to enthalpy Shue, the first duty is to avoid depriving people of their rights, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489).States and social institutions have special responsibilities to ameliorate harm that they, or their formal and legal ancestors, have caused. These states and social institutions have a responsibility not only for sins of commission, but also for sins of omission, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). Shue argues that we have the responsibility to protect others from harm and to aid the deprived. To avoid these duties is to commit a sin of omission, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489).Movements for basic human rights usually develop in reaction to oppressive social practices, (Talbott, 2005, 87). There have been many carefully assembled wi tness accounts of mass executions of African civilians, clearly murdered because of their ethnicity, (Reeves, 2006, 6). The United States Government has substantial intelligence on Khartoums movement of corpses from better known sites to outside desert dumping grounds, (Reeves, 2006, 6).According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, many of the rights of the civilians have been obviously violated. Article 3 states, everybody has the right to life, liberty and protective covering of person. There have been accounts listed by U.N. Secretary commonplace Ban Ki-moon and groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch that some two-hundred thousand people have been killed during this conflict, (Fox News, 2007).This clearly violated article 3. Ahmed Adam Ali, a civilian currently taking refuge in eastern Chad, described the violations by the Janjaweed. He said, The Janjaweed kill us because they want our land. He claimed the Janjaweed said, we dont like black peopl e in Darfur. Sudan is for Arabs, not Africans, (Snyder, 2007). Of his villages two-thousand people, Ali says, the Janjaweed killed four-hundred, including his brother, and bombers pursuing them on their multiple-week trek to camp in eastern Chad where one-hundred more were killed, (Snyder, 2007).There have been hundreds of accounts, authoritatively assembled, of the ethnic targeting and comprehensive destruction of African villages by Khartoum and the Janajaweed, (Reeves, 2006, 6). As seen in Ahmed Adam Alis account, it is clear that these assaults are charged with racial hatred.Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. According to Amnesty International, a report found that rape and other forms of informal violence in Darfur are being used as a weapon of war in order to humiliate, punish, control and inflict fear and rouse women and their communities.These rapes a nd other sexual violence constitute grave violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity. The report also examines the consequences of rape which have immediate and long-term effects on women beyond the actual physical violence, (Amnesty International, 2004). Human Rights Watch showed an example of Khartoumss political and military command and control hierarchy. In a December 2005 report by Human Rights Watch there was a claim that statedWhether National Islamic Front policy in Darfur amounted to genocide remains unclear. The UN International way of Inquiry into the crimes in Darfur concluded that there was no government policy of genocide, but that crimes may have been commit by individuals with genocidal intent and that this question should be resolved in a court of law. Determining whether there was genocidal intent requires doorway to government documents and to those in the leadership, who planned and coordina ted the campaign in Darfur, (Reeves, 2006, 6).A determination of genocidal intent does not require documentary evidence. There is already overwhelming evidence of the intent to commit acts that destroy a national, ethical, racial or religious group, which is defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide, (Reeves, 2006, 7). Eric Reeves has pointed out several examples of how the Sudanese government has in fact committed genocide. He lists1.) The government, working along with the Janjaweed, has deliberately destroyed as many as eighty to cardinal percent of the villages of African tribal groups.2.) More than ninety percent of the total casualties are from African tribal populations.3.) The people who are being displaced report that the massive destruction, killing, rape, abductions, and torture are from the African tribal populations in Darfur.4.) The livelihoods of the displaced African tribal populations have been delibera tely destroyed by the Sudanese government and Janjaweed.5.) Damaging attacks on the African tribal populations are very often followed by the use of racial slurs from the Janjaweed aimed at this population.6.) All evidence suggests that these actions are systematic, pre-planned, and coordinated, (Reeves, 2006, 6).There has been enough information available that vast exercises in ethnically targeted human destruction have been taking place, (Reeve, 2006, 6). It was clear to Western policymakers in late 2004 that the treatment of the people of Darfur constituted as genocide, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 497). On September 9, 2004 Colin Powell, the secretary of State during the first Administration of President George W. Bush, used the word genocide to describe the situation in Darfur, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). On September 21, 2004, at the United Nations, President George W. Bush himself also used to term, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489).African areas of Darfur have experienced killing, r aping and expelling of its inhabitants. Arab militias burned villages, killed animals, and poisoned wells, thus inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about a groups physical destruction, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498). This is considered a form of genocide under Article II (c) of the 1948 Convention Against Genocide, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498).Former Prime Minister Tony Blair talked about the worlds moral obligation and his then Chancellor, Gordon Brown, asked the question, if not now, when? If not us, who? (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510). Brown went on to say that it does not matter who causes Africas problems everyone is responsible for solving them. Around the same time, General Romeo Dallaire added to this notion. He wroteOur governments are ourselves, at least in the West. Citizens are capable of actions in democracies, and of expressing their views to their elected representatives. Particular Western states may well have obligations to crabbed African countries for d amaging them in the past or for not assisting them in the present. But this does not absolve other states of the responsibility to help Africans now, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510).The realization by powerful world leaders that there is a universal ethical responsibility to protect individuals from genocide has drawn debates around the globe. Russia and China have not supported international intervention in Darfur. By doing nothing when human rights are clearly being violated, gives the notion that these actions are ok by world standards. Abandoning the internal conflicts in Darfur weakens international efforts. This also creates a culture of impunity.Allowing genocide to continue gives a signal to African governments, especially the Sudanese government, that the international community accepts governance through murder and ethnic hatred, (Welling, 2007, 154). The willingness of the international community to intervene in intrastate conflicts lowers the level of violence state actors will risk and conduce to more serious foreign policy issues, (Welling, 2007, 154). When action is taken, results are noticed. When no action is taken, obviously, there are no positive results.The primary responsibility for the Darfur genocide falls on the Sudanese government and the Janajaweed, (Garcia, 2006, 51). No Western power had any reason to promote this genocide, nor did any do so. In fact, Western egalitarian powers strongly oppose such violations of human rights. Contributory factors might partially implicate the West, which has been hesitant to offend the central Sudanese government because it wanted to pro redress oil from the Sudanese, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 498).The Sudanese government also placed itself as a western ally in the war on terrorism, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 489). Another factor was the serenity agreement between the Northern and Southern Sudan after their long civil war. Despite the evidence of mass murder, rape and torture, only base actions have b een make to help the victims in Darfur. According to the United Nations Security Council, some of these small actions include a United Nations arms ban on all belligerents, a travel ban and asset freeze on some Sudanese.Also a decision has been made by the Council to refer suspected Sudanese war criminals to the International Criminal Court, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). These actions are not enough. People continue to die and only minimal actions, at best, are being made. Some African centre monitors have been in Darfur, logistically assisted by the West, watching what has been taking place. Unfortunately these monitors have been inadequately supplied. Nearly half of the expected personal from the African articulation is currently in place, (Garcia, 2006, 53).Fred Nyabera, executive director of the Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches, has welcomed a pledge of three-hundred million dollars in aid from the Sudanese government to help in the Darfur region. However, he clai ms that this is insufficient and should not divert attention from the underlying causes of the conflict. He said, It is a positive step, but it is not enough, (Christian Century Foundation, 2007, 15). He went on to say, The real issues have never been sufficiently addressed. The focus has always been on the consequences, (Christian Century Foundation, 2007, 15). Mark R. Amstutz would agree that foreign aid can undermine the goals being pursued, (Amsturtz, 2005, 30).Many world powers have failed to do anything in Darfur, and in some disrespect encouraged the hellacious violation of human rights. This needs to change immediately. The Chinese own twoscore per cent of a large oil project in Sudan and have also built a one-thousand six-hundred kilometer pipeline there, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). In exchange for access to the Sudanese oil, China gave the Sudanese government three arms factories.China is not a democracy and its citizens are probably unaware that the Chinese government is supporting a regime that condones genocide. Unfortunately, even if the Chinese population knew of what was happening in Darfur, they would not be able to criticize the Chinese government or take humanitarian action. Chinas interests are a main reason why the Security Council has not taken stronger measures against the Sudanese government. Russia also invests in Sudanese oil and sells arms to the government, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499).China and Russia prevent the United Nations Security Council from acting quickly or by applying sanctions. China and Russia have repeatedly imperil to use their individual vetoes to block all United Nations Security Council efforts to place sanctions on the Sudanese government, in order to protect their individual economic interests, (Welling, 2007, 160). Because of this, the international community allowed the killing to persist.Russia has blocked votes because of its arms dealing and China has because of its interest in Sudanese oil. It may also come as no bewilderment that the two most destructive regimes have been the Soviet Union (Russia) and communist China, which together are responsible for murdering ninety-seven million people, or more than half of all the twentieth centurys democide, (Amstutz, 2005, 95).Whatever actions the West and the international community take to improve the conditions in Darfur, they may not be enough. do-gooder relief has been the primary aid given to the suffering individuals. The United Nations has not given as much support as it possibly could. Also, Western representative states could provide more aid to individuals suffering in Darfur. Genocide is a political and military matter which at times is out of the hands of humanitarians willing to help. Genocide requires solutions made by political and military powers.Anything less than these actions suggests that the world is indicating an acceptance of the genocidal status quo, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 499). While states have many incentiv es for intervening in situations like Darfur, history has shown that, whether acting unilaterally or through the United Nations, states unusually intervene late or not at all. In Rwanda, the death campana reached eight-hundred thousand before effective actions were taken by the United Nations, (Welling, 2007, 157). The willingness of the international community to intervene influences the level of violence state actors will risk and contributes to more serious foreign policy issues, (Welling, 2007, 155).The world community, especially developed nations, pays for humanitarian crises that result from intrastate conflict. Many of the costs associated with intervention do not include the social and ethical costs of the nearly four-hundred thousand lives that have been lost. Even with regional organizations such as the European Union, the African Union, and the North Atlantic conformity Organization involved in Sudan, they have not resolved the Darfur conflict in a speedy fashion, (Well ing, 2007, 159).Some governments, such as the American, seem hopeless not to be forced to do anything requiring serious diplomatic or political capital, even as it continually talks about the word genocide whenever the subject of Darfur arises, (Reeves, 2006, 7). The European Union has given millions of Euros to Darfur and the African Union has provided troops. However, the number of African Union troops in Sudan is restricted to a very small amount, while the region of Darfur they need to monitor is nearly the size of Texas, (Welling, 2007, 159).Obviously more ground and air support is needed. As of right now, the Security Council members craved to limit the troops mandate and refrain from giving the troops permission to protect innocent civilians. The African Union does not even have the most basic supplies. It cannot afford items such as tents, transportation or even food and medicine. Other states are still unwilling to help.For example, Germany gave the African Union computers for proficient support, however, the instructions were in German, (Welling, 2007, 159). Diplomats from the region asked for support from the African Union to meet its challenges however, only United Nations Member States outside of the African Union can provide the type of support needed.Darfur needs a peace agreement and an extensive multinational force to carry it out, (New York Times, 2007). Humanitarian intervention needs to continue in Darfur in hopes to remedy mass and flagrant violations of basic human rights of foreign nationals by their government, (Amstutz, 2005, 143). The United Nations, along with other world actors, need to take more serious action in preventing the genocide that is taking place. world-wide ethics requires global responsibility. All who are responsible for genocide must take responsibility. The when is now, and the who is everyone, (Howard-Hassmann, 2005, 510). The global responsibility includes all world actors, and it allows no government, no instit ution, and no individual to deny responsibility.The West may have a special responsibility to cure past harms and prevent present ones, but it is not the only region of the world to be responsible. International responsibility includes the need to understand that the Sudanese government is causing great atrocities in Darfur right now and all world actors need to hold them accountable for what has, and continues to, happen. The genocide must stop nowBibliographyAmnesty International. 2004. Sudan Darfur Rape as a Weapon of War Sexual Violence and its Conseguences. http//www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AFR54/076/2004. (10 January 2008).Amstutz, Mark R. 2005. International Ethics Concepts, Theories, and Cases in global Politics. New York Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Christian Century Foundation. 2007. Aid pledge to Darfur not enough, says African church leader. Vol. 124 Issue 22 15.Garcia, J. Malcolm. 2006. African Promise. The Virginia Quarterly. August-September 200649-77.Howar d-Hassmann, Rhoda E. 2005. Genocide and State-Induced Famine Global Ethics and Western Resposibility for Mass Atrocities in Africa. Persectives on Global Development and Technology, Vol. 4, issue 3-4 487-516.Kim, Glen, Rabih Torbay and Lynn Lawry. 2007. Basic Health, Womens Health, and Mental Health Among inheringly Displaced Persons in nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan. American Journal of Public Health. February 2007. Vol. 97 Issue 2 353-361.Reeves, Eric. 2006. Dissent. Watching Genocide, Doing Nothing. Fall 2006 5-9.Snyder, David. 2007. See no evil. US CATHOLIC. January 2008 30-35.Talbott, William J. 2005. Which Rights Should Be Universal?. New York Oxford.University PressThe New York Times. 2007. Editorial, 1 November. Playing Sudans Game pg. A.26The Virginia Quarterly. 2007. Editors Desk. The Quandary of Oil in Africa. Winter 2007 1-3.Welling, J.J. 2007. Non-governmental Organizations, Prevention, and Intervention in Internal Conflict Through the Lens of Darfur. Indiana Jour nal of Global Legal Studies. Vol. 14 1. (Spring 2007) 147-179.2007. Bush Announces New Economic Sanctions on Sudan to Halt Darfur. Fox News. http//foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,275994,00.html. (10 January 2008).2003. Chinas Involvement in Sudan Arms and Oil. Human RightsWatch. http//www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm. (10 January 2008).1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nationshttp//www.un.org/Overview/rights.html. (9 January 2008).

Isolation of Caffeine From Tea

Isolation of caffein From TeaJames MaitlandXanthines are purine alkaloids synthesised in plants much(prenominal) as coffee, tea, and cacao, with the most known xanthine beingness caffein, theobromine and theophylline. Their harvestion is limited in the aforementioned plant species compared to different plant alkaloids such as morphine, nicotine and strychnine, which are widely expressed across the plant kingdom. Caffeine is the worlds most consumed psychoactive drug, with approximately 74% of it used as beverages, 25% utilised for pharmaceutical formulations and the remainder for other purposes.3 It is chemically known as 1,3,7-tri methyl groupxanthine, with a complex purine-based structure, chemically associated to adenine and guanine found in DNA and RNACaffeines as well found in human tissues as wholesome as heterogeneous organisms. It is appreciated for its role in stimulating the CNS, kidneys, bronchial smooth muscle and relaxing the cardiac muscle.2,3 As a therapeutic, caffein is administered as a powdered form, solely the psychoactive substance found in tea leaves constitutes 2-5% caffeine per weight. Caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity, fatigue, in analgesic preparations with aspirin and paracetamol, and in various other roles including night duties (promoting alerting effect by antagonising adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain), and in sports as a performance-enhancer.Because of the prerequisites for its usage in beverages and its significant potential in the pharmaceutical perseverance, caffeine has been isolated primarily from coffee. However, the increase demand for naturally derived caffeine for consumption necessitates additional other sources, for its extraction.4Contrastive to its utilisation and because it is unregulated, in that location has been increasing c oncerns pertaining its connection to adverse side- effects on human physiology regarding its high consumptions by some, which is linked with tachycardia, arr hythmia, muscle tremors, headache, coma, or fatality.4,2,3 As such, alternative forms of beverages have been decaffeinated (e.g., green tea) to eliminate the set forth potential side-effects and the demand for alternative forms of beverages goes hand in hand with increasing environmental-friendly techniques used to decaffeinate the crude product.This article, therefore, projects at the water extracting method for the isolation of methylxanthines and victimisation thin-layer-chromatography and IR spectroscopy to characterise individual methylxanthines, as well as discussing their Rf values, the use of caffeine in cold and flu remedies, and a brief look into the caffeine market.MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Tea origin200ml of water was placed into a beaker and the solution was allowed to boil using a Bunsen burner. Tea (10.3052g) was then added into the solution and boiled for approximately 15 minutes. The beaker was then removed from the heat and 50ml sulphuric blistering was then added to the hot solution and shake to ensure no emulsion occurs. The solution was later allowed to cool at room temperature and then filtered using Buchner system.Extraction of Caffeine20ml of 10% sulphuric acid was added to the filtrate and stirred. Sulphuric acid converts the tannins to their salts, therefore, making them insoluble in chloroform, though soluble in water. The solution was then extracted by 3 successive washes of 50ml chloroform using a separating funnel, pile up the organic layer for each consecutive wash. The mixture of the solution was frequently shaken with occasional venting to prevent pressure buildup. The extracts were collected and dried by adding the catalyst anhydrous sodium sulphate for 10-15mins, removing all the water, leaving behind a fine powder.Isolation of The CaffeineRemove the sodium sulphate by filtration using the Buchner system. The chloroform was then evaporated by the use of a rotary evaporator, leaving behind the methylxanthine crystals. The weight of caffeine was then measured and the yield calculated. skimpy Layer ChromatographyTLC was conducted at room temperature and was used to verify the presence of caffeine by obtaining the methylxanthines, which was re-dissolved in 2ml of chloroform, 1ml of which was examined under TLC along with bring up solutions and amaze liquor. The UV-absorbing methylxanthines absorb UV light and so fluoresce agent (dichloromethane) in the stationary phase was used for visualisation in the UV254nm.On the TLC house (Silica gel GF254 Dimension 5cm x 20cm), a 1cm line was drawn above the base of one end of the plate. Capillary micropipette to place a skin senses of the reference solution (Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, and mother liquor) along the line drawn on the plate and tagged as appropriate to reduce confusion with the other samples, which were also labelled as appropriate. This step was repeated using different micropipettes for each sample, creating spots at ab out 1cm from each other. The TLC plate was then placed straightforward in the TLC chamber contacting the developing solution (Chloroform Acetone N-Butanol 30% Ammonia, at 30304010 ratio) at a direct below 0.5cm (the origin) and sealed with using a watch glass. The solvent was allowed to migrate along the TLC plate so it reaches at least 1cm from the top and once the solvent had evaporated, the plate subsequently visualised under UV light as most organic compounds are colourless(prenominal) in the naked eye, facilitated by the fact that the TLC plate contains chemical additives that fluorescent under UV-light.Infra-Red SpectroscopyThe remaining methylxanthine solution of caffeine obtained was used to generate an IR spectrum to deduce the operating(a) groups in the compound. The measured spectral range was between 600 4000 cm. The sample was placed on a sampling window and spectral data collected using a spectrum software (PerkinElmer Spectrum Express version 1.02.00, UK).10Tabl e 1 Weight of crude caffeineCaffeine0.1606gPercentage yield = Mass of crude caffeine / mass of tea bags x 100%= 0.1606g / 10g - 100%= 1.606%Table 2 Distance travelled by the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm)CTBTPML ensample362418Spot 1= 34 Spot 2= 26 Spot 3= 1634Note C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = SampleRf value= Distance travelled by the compound (mm)Distance travelled by the solvent (mm)Caffeine = 36mm/38mm = 0.95Theobromine =24mm/38mm = 0.63Theophylline =18mm/38mm = 0.47Mother Liquor spot 1= 34mm/38mm = 0.89ML spot 2 = 26mm/38mm = 0.68ML spot 3 = 15mm/38mm = 0.39S= 34mm/38mm = 0.89Table 3 Rf values of the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm)CTBTPMLSample0.950.630.47Spot 1= 0.89 Spot 2= 0.68 Spot 3= 0.420.89Note C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = SampleFigure 1 IR spectra of the caffeine. Peak 3000 cm-1 represents amides and amines, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 indicate s the presence of alkene in caffeine. A and B shows the carboxyl group groups C=O bands of carbon-2 and 6 in region 1700-1659 cm-1.Figure 2 IR spectrum of the standard. The peak slightly 3000 is ascribable(p) to amides and amines. Peaks 1700-1600 is alkene in the caffeine scintillaThe structure of caffeine (Figure 3) is a function of how it behaves and interacts with other molecules and defines its properties such as solubility (e.g., due(p) to the presence of nitrogen atoms), boiling point, as well as the melting point. The tertiary purine-based caffeine constitutes an amine, amide and alkene function group, all containing lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom. The achiral molecule is polar in nature due to the electronegativity difference between carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen covalent bonds due to dipole-dipole fundamental interactions, capital of the United Kingdom dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding once in water. The higher melting point of this molecule i s as a result of these strong intermolecular forces and would necessitate high energy to break the associated bonds.1,2Figure 3 Structures of caffeine, theophylline and theobromineFigure 3 indicates that the methylxanthines helping similar structures (purine ring), merely the slight molecular difference in structure results in the differences in properties. The difference in structure is based on the location of the methyl groups. Caffeine has ternion methyl group in carbon-1, 3 and 7 theobromine has two methyl groups on carbon-3 and 7and theophylline has two methyl group on carbon-1 and 3, and is deficit of methyl group at position 7 and so has only a proton that can be donated, the self very(prenominal)(prenominal) for theobromine having a proton on carbon-1, making them a weakly amphoteric compared to caffeine (a base compound).2 The TLC result shows the distance travelled by caffeine, theobromine and theophylline were 0.95, 0.63 and 0.47mm, respectively (Table 2). This imp lies that caffeine is more of a solvent compared to theobromine and theophylline. Mother Liquor contains three substances as shown by spot 1 to spot 3 in Table 3, with spot 1, 2 and 3 having Rf values of 0.89, 0.68 and 0.42, respectively. This means that spot 1 and caffeine are more attracted to the mobile phase, interacting less with the polar adsorbent (thats interaction with the silanol group of the silica gel, with the most prevailing interactive force being dipole-dipole) as the compound is less polar, restricted to form hydrogen bonds by its three methyl groups (these contain electrophilic sites and the compound possess electrophilic and nucleophilic function groups, but caffeine is not a proton donor so less polar to adsorb) and so having walloping Rf values, consequently spent less time travelling towards the solvent front as it is more soluble in the mobile phase. Theoretically, compounds that are less polar characteristically dissolve in the solvent, thus migrate debauch eder, and that the silanol group of the silica surface is highly polarised and is capable of forming dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonds. The more polar compounds such as theophylline (spot 3) strongly binds to the silanol group of the adsorbent or the stationary phase as theyre both capable of hydrogen bonding (theophylline is more of a proton donor thus has more electronegative substituents than for example, caffeine, so binds tightly to the stationary phase), and so moved slower than both spot 1 and 2, but also spends more time closer the origin, held by the resistive force of the sorbent.5,28 Spot 1 is likely to be containing samples of caffeine as they travel almost the same distance. Spot 2 is likely to contain samples of theobromine and spot 3 contains samples of theophylline as they have almost similar Rf values. IR spectroscopy was apply to elucidate the types of the functional groups in an unknown sample. The results from the IR (Figure 1) shows the presence of a compound in dicated by the energy speaks. The spectrometer produced a graph based on the measurements of the photon within 600 4000 cm-1 frequencies. Comparison between the IR spectrum of the standard solution (Figure 2) and that of Figure 1 confirms the likeliness in functional groups shared between these solutions. Figure 1 indicates photon energy peak visible at 3000 cm-1, representing amides and aliphatic amines6, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 are due to the presence of alkene in caffeine molecule9. A and B specifies the carboxyl groups (C=O) of carbon-2 and carbond-6 in region 1700-1659cm-1, indicating the most intense bands.17Opinion on the use of caffeine in cold and flu remediesThe effects of caffeine vary around the body and are dependent on the dose limit (400mg), at which beyond this parameter will elicit a range of physiological effects including muscle tremors, stomach upset, urinary incompetence, and a possible death. Below this dose limit, however, its effect is l ess detrimental to health.11 Due to it being readily available in foodstuffs and medicines, some may not be aware of the imposing dangers of caffeine, coupled with the fact that the FDA and the European guidelines consider caffeine not being a nutrient, but a natural ingredient found in beverages and so does not require identification in labelling of caffeinated product unless theres added caffeine in the product.12 This makes it a frighten away task for those tracking their caffeine intake especially those that are more vulnerable to its side-effects.Caffeine is issued both as a prescription and as an over-the-counter medication treating various conditions from lethargy to being used as an adjuvant in analgesic, as well as in flu or cold remedies.12 flu causes rhinorrhea, resulting in loss of fluid, which is counter to sustaining the bodys fluid remainder needed for healthy wellbeing. The elderly are the most at risk if not hydrated and the job exacerbates with the consumption of diuretic substances including any of the methylxanthines.14 A literature review by R. J. Maughan and colleague of caffeine ingestion and its effects on fluid balance assessed various age groups (adults) and the elderly of both sexes. Robertson et al. (1978) reported that R. J. Maughan and colleague administered a single dose of caffeine (250mg) and a placebo to the subjects and urine was accumulated for 3hrs. The result produced an increase in urine output from 366 30 mL (mean SD) on the placebo trial to 469 43 mL on the caffeine trial, accompanied by an increase in urinary sodium excretion. However, in the same report by Robertson et al., other studies indicated that the diuretic effect of small doses of caffeine had minimal effects, which may be in the same dose range in these flue/cold remedies. It was also reported that long-term caffeine users are not susceptible to this diuretic effect and may not lose water via urine output14, but those that are may be disposed to elect rolyte abnormalities (e.g., natriuresis) to kidney dysfunction. The mechanism in which caffeine induces diuresis is not yet clear, but it is believed that the compound acts as a phosphodiesterases inhibitor in the kidneys, along with its antagonistic effect on adenosine receptors.15 Another complication that may arise using caffeine remedies is the possibility of drug-drug interactions such as in the case of taking tizanidine(muscle relaxant), causing low blood pressure and dizziness16, or its inhibitory effect on the antipsychotic medications clozapine and olanzapine, metabolised by CYP1A2. Caffeine may also pose as a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 if metabolised at a slower rate compared to an administered drug, thus minimising the drugs plasma tightness with the likelihood of toxicity.20The compounding benefits of caffeine, when consumed within physiological limits, cannot be contested. Studies have shown that the groups most at risk of caffeine overdose are young people/childr en and adolescents due to the lack of sentience and incorrect social perception regarding the benefits versus harmful effects.17 It was reported by the American National Poison Data System that 6,309 cases related to caffeine overdose. A recent article by the telegraph newspaper reported that some students came close to fatality upon accidentally overdosing on caffeine (consumed 30000mg) and were placed on dialysis to remove the intoxication from the kidneys.19 So, in support of it still being a legal stimulant, not only does the benefits outweighs the adverse effects, the compounds plasma half-life is approximately 5hrs. This fast pharmacokinetics or elimination via urinary excretion entails that its dumbness in the blood will always be regulated, adverse side-effects occurring or at least pass its effects.20Due to caffeine being readily available, there are no age limits for their purchase and are not costly either as beverages. The FDA and EMA must assume responsibilities in engaging and communicating with the most at-risk groups, using public education campaign, and firmly addressing the potential risks of overdosing, especially when using multiple caffeine products in combination, and also labelling of such products, indicating the caffeine concentration, as well as targeting the medium used by these at-risk groups such as social media, the internet, and television. The European legislation, however, has taken the inducement in labelling beverages containing caffeine equal to or over 150mg caffeine per litre, affirming in their statement, High caffeine subject area. Not recommended for children or pregnant or breastfeeding women.17 Additionally, self-monitoring of caffeine concentration by providing device similar to those used by diabetic patients may assist with staying within physiological limits, but also restricting accessibility (age-dependent) top executive just be one way to control the likelihood of abuse.As a commodity, caffeine can be ob tained in various forms for many applications (cosmetics, medical, etc.) and there is always a huge demand,which are popular amongst young people, particularly with the emergence of caffeine-fuelled energy drinks that are used to mix alcohols in social venues.21 Compared with other drugs, the worldwide medicate Survey 2014 (Figure 4) reported that caffeinated energy drinks were the fourth most drug bought (45.9% prevalence use) subsequently alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis.This illustrates caffeines importance both at physiological level, and as a big earner for the industrys major players in global caffeine market (Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSPC Pharma, BASF, and Cocam) as it is consumed by 90% of the worlds population.24,25 One of the drivers of the industry is the production of coffee, which is forecasted to produce 156.6 million bags in 2016/17, and global consumption to be 153.3 million bags.26 This points out the growing demand for caffeinated products, predominantly in t raditional markets including Canada, EU, USA, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, but also in emerging markets Turkey, Algeria, Russia.27Figure 4 Prevalence of top 20 drug use. Caffeinated drinks was among the most drugs bought in the year 2014.21It is concluded by the study that the amount of caffeine extracted in tea was almost consistent with the theoretical constituents per weight, 2-5%. This research yields 0.1606g (1.606% ) from 10kg of tea bag and so was impossible to recover 100% of caffeine, greatly impacted by the fact that the reaction was never at completion, not all the caffeine was extracted through the funnel separation, loss of product may have occurred due to emulsions, discrepancies with the instruments due to factors affecting calibration, and steaming during brewing affects the mass of the extracted caffeine. One way to improve the percentage yield may be to explore different organic solvents.Although caffeine has numerous health benefits within physiological optima, it is also detrimental and causes death if these limits are breached. As such, healthcare authorities, as well as the caffeine industry must put in place measures so it is better regulated, and may mean being transparent about the health benefits/risk factors, and spread this awareness in all media used by their target users, especially young people as this is the group that are less aware of the risks.References Caffeine The Molecule. 2017 Feb 9. open from http//caffeinethemolecule.weebly.com/physical-properties.htmlPreedy V.R, editor. Caffeine Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effect. UK The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012, p.3 -6,44Vuong Q.V, dress circle P.D. Caffeine in Green Tea Its Removal and Isolation.2017 Feb 16. Available from http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15422119.2013.771127Vuong Q.V, Bowyer M.C, and Roach P.D. L-Theanine properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011 91 1931-1939Analyzing a Mixture by Thin Layer Chromatography (TL C). 2017 Feb 17. Available from http//cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chemlabs/analyzing_a_mixture_by_thin_layer_chromatography.pdfGunasekarana S, Sankarib G, Ponnusam S. Vibrational spectral investigation on xanthine and its derivatives-theophylline, caffeine and theobromine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A. 2005Caffeine. 2017 Feb 16. Available from https//tinyurl.com/hsbppmnAl-Hitti IK, Ibrahim SS. EXTRACTION, IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE AND TRACE METALS IN THREE TYPES OF TEA LEAVES. J. of al-anbar university for pure science. 2009Sing BM et al., Determination of caffeine content in coffee using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy in combination with attenuated total reflectance technique a bioanalytical chemistry experiment for biochemists. biochemical Education. 1998Palo M et al., Quantification of caffeine and loperamide in printed formulations by infrared spectroscopy. JDDST. 2016Behind the hype Caffeine. 2017 Feb 12. Available from http//nutritionandactivity.govt.nz /sites/default/files/2%202%20NPA161%20Behind%20the%20Hype-Caffeine_5.pdfWhy isnt the amount of caffeine a product contains required on a food label?. cited 2017 Feb 12. Available from http//www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194317.htmCaffeine and Your Body.Cited 2017 Feb 13. Available from https//www.ctclearinghouse.org/Topics/Customer-Files/Caffeine_And_Your_Body_052113.pdfMaughan RJ, Griffin J. Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance a review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003 Dec16(6)411-20.Zhang Y et al., Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015 18(5) 569-57425 Most Severe Caffeine and Drug Interactions. 2017 Feb 14. Available from http//www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-drug-interactionsCaballero B, Finglas PM, Toldra F, editors. Encyclopedia Of Food And Health. Oxford Elsevier 2016S. Jain, et al., Caffeine addiction Need for awareness and research and regulatory measures. Asian J Psychiatry. 2017Bodkin H. Students left fighting for lives after taking enough caffeine for 300 cups of coffee in botched university experiment. Telegraph. 2017 Jan 25Caffeine An Evaluation of the Safety Database. In Gupta RC, editor Nutraceuticals Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity. London Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc216. P421,430.Caffeine. Technology, Products, Market, Manufacturing. 2017 Feb 10. http//www.primaryinfo.com/industry/caffeine.htmThe Global Drug Survey 2014 findings. Dr Adam R Winstock. Global Drug Survey. 2017 Feb 10. https//www.globaldrugsurvey.com/past-findings/the-global-drug-survey-2014-findings/Caffeine Drug Interactions. Anna Duggett. Drugsdb. 2017 Feb 10. http//www.drugsdb.com/cib/caffeine/caffeine-drug-interactions/Global Caffeine Market Forecast and Analysis 2016-2021. Radiant Insights. 2017 Feb 11. https//www.radiantinsights.com/research/global-caffeine-market-forecast-and-analysis-2016-2021Caffeine Market 2016 Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share. GlobalInfoResearch.cited 2017 Feb 10. Available from https//www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/637714-global-caffeine-market-by-forecast-to-2021Coffee World Markets and Trade. contrary Agricultural Service/USDA Office of Global Analysis.cited 2017 Feb 10. Available from https//apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/coffee.pdfAn industry study The Coffee Industry. Mairin M. OConnor. 2017 Feb 10. Available from http//www.slideshare.net/MairinOConnor/coffee-industry-analysisThin Layer Chromatography. Industrial Economics.2017 Feb 16. Available from https//yvesrubin.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/tlc.pdf

A study on the britvic group

A study on the britvic groupThe Britvic Group was established in 1986 by Bass, Whitebread and Allied Breweries. The iii merged their respective napped alcoholisms businesses to form Britannia Soft Drinks Limited. And now Britvic is the parent fede dimensionn of Britannia Soft Drinks Limited. Britivic was originally established to act as the soft swallows supplier to the pub estates of these three tradeholders. Britvic finished the acquisition of the brand standardized Tango, Robinsons, Orchid Drinks, Red Devil brand, water source one later on another. The attach to coope casts with Pepsi and enters into an scoop bottling arrangement for Pepsi and 7up in Great Britain. And Distribution of Lipton Ice Tea in Great Britain awarded to Britivic in 2009. Britivic becomes an independent confederacy by listing in the capital of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange in 2005. And the club has become one of the dickens leading soft drinks businesses in Great Britain. Successful new pro ducts victimizations, like J2O and harvest-time Shoot, make Britvic become the largest supplier of branded still soft drinks, the faster growing category in the soft drinks trade, while remaining the number two supplier of branded carbonates. The Britvic Group ope tramps in Great Britain and Ireland.The Company finishes acquisition of a soft drinks business in Ireland on 29 August 2007Britvic plc. 2010.In 2006, Britvic sold 1.4 billion liters of soft drinks in hundreds of different flavors, shapes and sizes and delivers to over 4,000 clients and some 200,000 points of distribution. The caller turnover around 680 million a category, and the company have approximately 2,700 employees based either at the main offices in Chelmsford and Solihull or at one of seven factories and network of depots around the coun listenBritvic plc. 2006.For the GB soft drink recede home market, the main market players are Coca-cola Enterprises, Britivic, GlaxoSmithKline, Danone, and Tropicana. For the GB soft drink licenced on-trade market, the main market players are Coca-cola Enterprises, Britivic, Redbull.The Britvic Group has strong market positions. The GB soft drink take home market share is around 11% in course of study 2006, 2007, 2008, and in 2009 that number up to 12%. The total sale of the soft drink take home is around 6billion a grade. The GB soft drink licensed on-trade market share is 44% in year 2006 and 2007, 45% in year 2008, and the number up to 48% in year 2009. The total sale of the soft drink licensed on-trade is around 2.3billion a year. From the date above, we can assure that Britvic Group has solid and strong market position, and the market share is increased moderately.Market share positionsproducts deliver homeLicensed on-tradeTotal salesMarket shareTotal salesMarket share2006(5.8bn)11%(2.3bn)44%2007(6.0bn)11%(2.4bn)44%2008(6.1bn)11%(2.3bn)45%2009(6.1bn)12%(2.4bn)48%Source Summarized from Britvic plc Annual Report 2006,2007,2008,2009For Ireland market, the Britvic Ireland is Ireland second largest branded soft drinks business by volume. Britvic Ireland has similar brand and category indite to Britvic GB, and sold 253 million liters in the year to September 2008. Britvic Ireland have around 800 employees, one carbs/stills factory, one water factory and two distribution centersBritvic plc. 2010. The soft drink take home market share of the company is around 29%, and the soft drink Licensed on-trade market share is around 37%Britvic plc. 2010. The company has grown market share and revenue across all of the categories with a strong performance, despite difficult trading conditions.The Britvic cooperate with recycling companies in the UK to envelop plastic bottles containing PET which has been recycled from British households. Currently recycled material is made from imported material.The main commodity price risk arises in the purchases of prime materials, being PET, sugar, cans and frigid concentrated orange juice. Where it is considered commercially advantageous, the group enters into fixed price contracts with suppliers to hedge against unfavourable commodity price changes.Financial analysesFinancial date20052006200720082009Total addition492.4M467.1 M694.6M741.1M853.5MTotal Liabilities470.2M524.8M690.3 M732.0 M856.0 MInterest bearing loans and borrowings301.8M233.2M414.3M430.9 M450.7 MDebit ratio95.5%110.2%99.3%98.7%100.2 %Total Revenue695.8M677.7M716.3M926.5 M978.8 MOperating profit73.3M73.7M80.0M96.7M110.1 MFull year dividend10.0p11.0p12.6p15.0pEarnings Per share18.5p18.4p20.4p24.8p29.9pFree cash flow(10.3)m48.9m65.3m66.2m69.7mSource Summarized from Britvic plc Annual Report 2006,2007,2008,2009A. gear wheelGearing is a measure of monetary leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners funds versus creditors funds. The best known examples of gearing ratios include the debt-to-equity ratio (total debt / total equity), and debt ratio (total debt / total assets ). Then we choose the debt ratio to measure the financial leverage. The debt ratio of the company is 95.5% in 2005, 110.2% in 2006, 99.3% in 2007, 98.7% in 2008, and 100.2% in 2009. And the debt ratio of company is around 100% in the five financial historic period. To some extent, the high debt ratio is risky for the company. So we can see that the company greatly relies on borrowing to support operation. Britvic Group with high gearing is to a greater extent vulnerable to downturns in the business cycle because the company mustiness continue to service its debt unheeding of how bad sales are. And the interest bearing loans and borrowings is the main component of the liability, and the Proportion is 64.1% in 2005, 44.4% in 2006, 60.0% in 2007, 58.8% in 2008, and 53.0% in 2009. So we can see that the company greatly relies on borrowing to support operation. Britvic Group with high gearing is more vulnerable to downturns in the business cycle because the company must continue to se rvice its debt regard little of how bad sales are. If the loan interest rate is higher than Margin, the company should reduce the loans and borrowings in the coming financial years and enhance the capacity of managing liquidity risk.B. Cash flowFree cash flow is the amount of cash that a company has left over afterwards it has paid all of its expenses, including investments. It is considered to be a proper indicator of a companys financial health. The amount of free cash flow of Britvic Group is negative in year 2005, and it becomes active since 2006, Chief Executive Paul Moody (2006) said that full deployment of both SAP and Siebel software has enabled us to reduce the demand on working capital and so improve our free cash flow. As we can see from the table, the number is increasing year by year, and reaches 69.7m in year 2009. The enough cash flow indicates that the solvency of the company. And the level-headed performance of the revenue and direct profit contribute to the free cash flow increase. The company overhead apostrophize savings achieved with a range of initiatives including centralization and automation of indirect procurement. The revenue and the operating profit are both increasing for 5 financial years. Comparing with year 2007, the operating profit in 2009 is up by 20.8%, the revenue in 2008 is up by 29.3%. Although during the economic recession, Comparing with year 2008, the operating profit in 2009 is up by 13.8%, the revenue in 2009 is up by 5.6%. We can expect that the trend of the profit in future is promising.C. Earning per share and dividend policyBecause the operating profit is increasing, the Earning per share increases moderately during the 5 financial years. The EPS is 18.5pence in year 2005, 18.4pence in year 2006, 20.4pence in year 2007, 24.8pence in year 2008, 29.9pence in year 2009. And compare with year 2008, the EPS increased by 20.5% in year 2009. And the company spent about 50% EPS to the shareholders. Full year dividen d of the company is also increases moderately with EPS year by year. The full year dividend per share is 10.0pence in year 2006, 11.0pence in year 2007, 12.6pence in year 2008, 15.0pence in year 2009.That indicates Britvic Groups strong capacity to earn profit. And that can consolidate the confidence of the shareholders, also helps company financing through issuing shares other than loans and borrowings.SWOT analysesA. StrengthIn the past, the company focused on acquisition. Through finishing the acquisition of the brand like Tango, Robinsons, Orchid Drinks, Red Devil brand, water source one after another, Britvic Group develop quickly. The Britvic Group has a clear strategy for growth now. First, the company support and grow the core brands like Pepsi, fruit shoot, tango, Robinsons, j2o, 7up second the company support the new band for tomorrow like drench, Gatorade, Pepsi raw, V water, Lipton iced tea third, the company try to improving free cash flow and margins fourth, the compan y try to operate internationally and expand into Europe. The acquisition of a soft drinks business in Ireland on 29 August 2007 represented an important step in the strategic development of BritvicBritvic plc. 2007.And also the company focused on innovation. In 2008, the company launches two innovations Gatorade and Drench, and both have performed extremely well. The company promotes healthy lifestyle and provides a wide variety of soft drinks to meet customers needs, helping them make informed choices, marketing the drinks responsibly and promoting health, wellbeing and nutrition.As we discussed above, the Britvic Group holds strong market positions in Great Brittan and Ireland. And in this area, the customers like the brands of the company. Britvic have lots distribution within the Great Britain soft drinks market, and the distribution net are nearly both where in the country.And the company also holds good relationship with the resource suppliers. From the balance sheet, the tr ade and other payables is 244.3 m in 2008, 291.6 m in 2009Britvic plc. 2009, indicate that the Britvic has good reputation and the resource suppliers provide credit to the Britvic.B. WeaknessAlthough the Britvic Group operates well in Great Britain and Ireland, compare with the transnational corporation in this industry like coca-cola enterprises, the size and the market of the Britvic is relatively limited. During the international development, the Britvic Group pays less attention to the local culture. That means in different area, an international company should operate locally. And in Ireland market, there are Category gaps, and the Britvic should launch more brands in Ireland market.And the Britvic Group has lots of brands, and that increase the difficult of operation. The marketing section have to focus the brands separately, that is real a challenge for the company.From the financial analyses, the debt ratio of the company is relatively high. And that indicate the company is prefer financing by borrowings and loans, and that may let the company in a risky conditions and may be more vulnerable to downturns in the business cycle.C OpportunityOver the next 20-25 years, the British population is judge to reach 70m from the current population of around 60m, and that indicates a growing market for the companyBritvic plc. 2008. Comparing with the past generation, Younger generations drink more purchased soft drinks less tea, coffee, alcohol, dairy drinks and tap water. European fast food culture and the carbonated drinks quite fit. So the company should seize the opportunity to launch more innovations to describe the new generation,Now the consumers pay more attention to healthy lifestyle, and that also provides a good opportunity for the company. The Britvic should launch more unique products to cultivate the customer loyalty.The company penetrate into European counties gradually, The Britvic Launch in-market activities in Holland, strong Robinsons squash activity in the Nordics, and Fruit Shoot in Sweden. The company also penetrates to washout and Bulgaria market. The company has new travel contracts in the airline and shipping sectors. And through the already successful Britvic International business, the company should explore shipway to extend the availability of Britvics wholly-owned brands worldwide through franchising arrangements.D. ThreatFor the soft drink market in Great Britain and Ireland, there full of competition. Besides Britvic, for the GB soft drink take home market, the main market players are Coca-cola Enterprises, Britivic, GlaxoSmithKline, Danone, and Tropicana. For the GB soft drink licensed on-trade market, the main market players are Coca-cola Enterprises, Britivic, Redbull. In year 2009, the GB soft drink take home market share of Britvic is 12%, and the Coca-cola Enterprises market share is 27%Britvic plc. 2009. The number of market share of Britvic in Europe roughly increase a little.And for the global economic conditions, the 2008 crisis let the economy into recession. Lots of consumers is lost their job and in debt. So for the European market, also go through recession. How to conquer the recession, and hold the market position, is a challenging work to do for Britvic.Also the company acquaints financial risk that includes commodity price risk, interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, liquidity risk and credit risk. And the company operate internationally in the future will face the political and country risk. try managementA. Foreign currency risk managementForeign currency risk is related to exposure to fluctuations to the sterling-US dollar and sterling-euro exchange rate. The group operates in euro-denominated countries and cash in hand these partly through the use of foreign currency borrowings. Additionally cash generation from euro-denominated operations can be utilized to meet euro payment obligations in sterling denominated companies, providing a natural hedge.The grou p also has transactional exposures, which are from purchases of prime materials or commercial assets in currencies. Such purchases are made by euros and US dollars. On 27 September 2009, through forward foreign exchange contracts, the company hedged 48% of forecast exposures 12 months in advance, and the number in 2008 is 71%Britvic plc. 2009.Where funding is raised in a currency other than the currency ultimately required by the Britvic, cross currency interest rate swaps are used. That can convert the cash flows to the required currency. These swaps have the same duration and other critical terms as the underlying borrowing.B. Country and semipolitical risk managementMore and more countries in Europe pay more attention to the environment protection. If a company without awareness of that may face the risk of local government regulations. And Britvic has adopted an Environmental Management System which is certified to the international standard ISO 14001. The company also use recy cled materials for packaging.Conflict among employer and employees in Europe market is a risk faced by any company. The strike of the employee can hinder the normal productions, so Britvic pay more attention to the employ welfares. And Britvic has reduced its accident frequency rate by 68% over the last 5 yearsBritvic plc. 2009.RecommendationsA. International strategy found on Great Britain, the Britvic should target broad market. The company should walk out the Europe gradually. Through the already successful Britvic International business, the company should explore ways to extend the availability of Britvics own brands worldwide through franchising and licensing. Britvic also should target the emerging Asian market like China, India and so on. The population of China is largest in the world, and the new generation prefers soft drinks to traditional tea. So the company can competes with coca-cola in China market with the unique brand of healthy lifestyle.During the international development period, the company should learn the local culture first, and launch special designed products to the local market. That means operate locally.B. Qualified personnel and InnovationIn the past, the company achieves success through innovation. The Britvic group should keep the spirit of innovation, and win more property right in the design of products. That is the winning points of the company for the future development. And the serviceman resource sector should prepare qualified personnel for the group future construction.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bead disease, is a rare familial disorder with the main characteristic being that the bones break very easily, usually for no apparent reason. The major cause of osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in the genes that produce collagen. Collagen is the main protein that works toward the production of connective tissue. Individuals with this disorder ordain produce less collagen than needed, which causes the bone development to be endangered. This could result in bone deformities. There are four types of osteogenesis imperfecta, and in all four types you will see bone fragility with multiple fractures and bone deformities.Type I of OI is the most(prenominal) common, comprising 70% of all gaucheries. Bruising will occur very easily in this type. The bone fragility is considered mild to moderate, and osteoporosis will be present. In this case it is likely that multiple fractures will choose occurred before the age of 5.Type II of O I accounts for approximately 10% of all cases. OI Type II is always lethal in the fetus. This is the most severe form of OI. The ribs will be thin, there will be limited cranial and facial bone ossification, and the limbs will be short.Type III of OI makes up 15% of all cases. This is the next in severity after Type II, and the type most known to radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. Two-thirds of these cases will have fractures at birth. There will be severe bone fragility with multiple fractures and deformity that will be progressive. Children with this type seem to have severe dwarfism due to spinal compression fractures and disturbance in growth plates.Type IV of OI is much rarer, comprising only 5% of cases. The bones may appear normal at the time of the first... ... law enforcement and legal counsel will be involved. It may also be necessary to contact a child psychologist or other therapist to assist.Works CitedChapter 37. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery. Ed. Sam Wiesel. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. eBook.Hoffmeister, Ellen. Gene Therapy and Pharmaceuticals Offer Hope for Many Patients With brickle Bones. Bone and Joint 11.5 (2005) 49-51. eBook.Kaiser, L. R., A. C. O. Surgeons, and W. H. Pearce. Acs surgery, principles & practice. 6th. Webmd Prof Pub, 2007. eBook.McMillan, Julia A., Ralph D. Feigin, Catherine DeAngelis, and M. Douglas Jones. Oskis Pediatrics, Principles & Practice. Williams & Wilkins, 2006.Minor, Patricia. Living with OI One Day at a Time. Publish America, 2006. Web.Picoult, Jodi. Handle With Care. New York, NY, USA Washington Square Press, 2009

Revenge In Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

small town hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy as Hamlet suffers while trying to avenge his fathers death and eventually dies at the end while attempting to do so. Hamlet feels empty without resolution to his father&8217s death and since there is no justice system that is going to reveal the truth about his father&8217s death, he moldiness take it into his take hands. Hamlet delays killing Claudius for a long magazine after the tactile sensation appears. Hamlet delays his strike back of his fathers death not because he is a coward but because his mental feelings and need for a perfect revenge cause him to delay in order to remain for the perfect moment to kill Claudius.When the ghost first appears to Hamlet he tells him that it was his brother who slipped poison in his ear while he was sleeping in the orchard and clearly asks him to get revenge for his untimely murder. The ghost speaks to Hamlet about his father and says, &8220Revenge his foul and most unnatural murderer( 1.5. 31). Although Hamlet has little doubt that the ghost is not his father&8217s, he must still prove to himself that Claudius is in fact the murderer before he attempts to kill him. Hamlet decides to have the make upers act out what the ghost has told him and see Claudius&8217 reaction. When the bid &8220The Mouse Trap is performed, Claudius is shocked by the play and storms out, which is the reaction of guilt that Hamlet had hoped for. The play is named &8220The Mouse Trap because it is designed to catch Claudius so that he reveals his distress of the play and shows that he was the murderer. Hamlet is now certain that Claudius is the murderer of his father and he can now carry out his revenge by murdering him. Hamlets first opportunity to kill Claudius that he actually considers is when Claudius is confessing to god. Hamlet decides not to kill him at this point because he does not want to kill him while he is praying because he will go to heaven. This is the farthest that Haml et has come to killing Claudius so far as his sword was drawn and ready to be used until he thinks logically and realizes that Claudius will be free from sin at the time of his death. This was a luxury that his father did not even have so why should he allow Claudius to have it.&... ...es a plan to poison Hamlet but it backfires as Gertrude drinks the cup and both Hamlet and Laertes are cut with the poisoned rapier. When Hamlet learns from Laertes that they are both near death he is put in a must do situation and he reacts without hesitation. He orders the doors locked and for the first time he puts Claudius in a defenseless position and he attacks him with the poison. Claudius dies shortly after and Hamlet has completed his mission to seek revenge for his father&8217s soul. Hamlet could have easily killed Claudius at any moment if he did not care how it was done. However, Hamlet was looking for the perfect revenge and therefore he passed up many opportunities to kill Claudius. He could have easily followed Claudius out after the play and killed him, he could have easily attacked him while he was praying, or even at any point when he could get Claudius alone, but this would not have been the dramatic revenge that Hamlet was looking for. Hamlet delays his revenge of his fathers death not because he is a coward but because his psychological feelings and need for a perfect revenge cause him to delay in order to wait for the perfect moment to murder Claudius.