Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Essay Example In certain cases, the signs and symptoms typically occur in 6-8 weeks after the normal menstrual period, but ectopic pregnancy may occur later. In some of the cases, nausea along with breast discomfort, low blood pressure, weakness, dizziness and pale skin can be noticed amid the patient (Stà ¶ppler, 2013). Considering the fact that different sites of possible ectopic pregnancy implantation will influence patients’ presentation, it can be ascertained that the treatment of ectopic pregnancy requires implantation and actual removal of the affected parts of a body. In some of these cases, Fallopian tube requires either pharmacologic or surgical management. Pharmacologic management with the doses of methotrexate is necessary for effective treatment. Sometimes, the linear salpingostomy surgery is performed, if a patient desires to become pregnant in future. It is thus anticipated that proper treatment and effective nursing care will certainly help in providing effective and proper treatment to the patients under the circumstance of ectopic pregnancy (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2014). It is worth mentioning that the notion of Perinatal morbidity and mortality includes stillbirth and the death of newborn babies within the first 28 days of the birth. According to the latest report of the Australian Bureau of Statistics published in the year 2012, 2,558 perinatal deaths were reported due to Perinatal morbidity and mortality (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Again, these 2,558 deaths constituted around 1,355 males and 1,203 females. It will be vital to mention in this similar concern that one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in varied regions of Australia is the haemorrhage from placenta percreta, which results in causing haemoperitoneum, a sign of perinatal morbidity and mortality (Government of South Australia, 2013). Thromboembolic is a disease, which occurs during

Gene Knockout Methodology and Insulin Action Essay

Gene Knockout Methodology and Insulin Action - Essay Example Gene knockout methodology is achieved using various techniques. The process commences with a plasmid in a test tube, a DNA structure or bacterial chromosome then progressing to cell culture. Genetic transformation of the individual cells takes place with the DNA structure or construct. In this process, the cells are introduced with the DNA and combined with a stem cell. The target gene and DNA construct are engineered to combine with each other. This is done by fusing the DNA construct with the gene sequences resulting in the recombination of the gene sequence. Consequently an interruption within the gene occurs and often will result into a non-functional protein. For most DNA constructs and cell, recombination occurs very rarely and therefore the substance selected for interrupting the gene sequence is a reporter gene. This gene is used to discover if the gene under consideration has functional expression in cell regeneration or function. Insulin plays an important role in metabolism, particularly in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Protein and mineral metabolism are also influenced by the action of Insulin. Inconsequence, the order and functioning of insulin has profound effects on tissues and organs (EDES 2007). The insulin receptor, similar to protein hormone receptors, is rooted within the plasma membrane. Two alpha subunits comprise the insulin receptor and also by two beta subunits which are connected by disulfide bonds. The alpha subunits are located outside the cells and hold insulin binding domains. The beta subunits on the other hand permeate the plasma membrane. As a tyrosine kinase, the insulin receptor acts as an enzyme that transmits phosphate groups from ATP to intracellular target proteins that contain tyrosine remnants. When the insulin binds to the alpha subunits, the beta subunits undergo autophosphorylation - which is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or small molecule - and initiate the receptor's catalytic process. The insulin receptor further adds phosphate groups to other proteins within cells, resulting in creating a biological reaction. Among the many intracellular proteins, there are several which are phosphorylation substrates for insulin receptors. One such insulin receptor substrate is insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). When the process of phosphorylation activates this substrate a number of outcomes occur. IRS-1 functions as a central region for enzyme activation and for producing the effects of insulin. Insulin also effects carbohydrate metabolism. In the small intestines, hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates like sucrose and starch causes the release of glucose which passes into the blood stream. High concentrations of glucose trigger insulin release which acts on all cells to prepare for glucose storage. The metabolism of glucose as a result of insulin action depends on the target tissue. Another known effect of insulin is to lessen glucose concentration in blood and when this concentration falls, insulin secretion stops. When insulin is absent, most cells fail to uptake glucose and turn to using alternate sources of energy like fatty acids. Also glycogen synthesis ceases in the liver and there is an